Accurate Education – Marijuana (Cannabis): Terpenes – Terpinolene

Terpenes

Terpinolene

 

Terpenes:

Terpenes – An Overview

 

Terpenes Therapeutic Benefits:

• Terpenes and Pain
  
• Terpenes and Anxiety
• Terpenes and Inflammation
• Terpenes and Insomnia

 

Individual Terpenes:

• Terpenes – β-Caryophyllene
• Terpenes – Bisabolol
• Terpenes – Carene
• Terpenes – Eucalyptol (Cineole)
• Terpenes – Humulene
• Terpenes – Limonene
• Terpenes – Linalool
• Terpenes – Myrcene
• Terpenes – Nerolidol
• Terpenes – Ocimene
• Terpenes – Terpineol
• Terpenes – Terpinolene

 

 

The medical information on this site is provided as a resource for information only, and is not to be used or relied upon for any diagnostic or treatment purposes and is not intended to create any patient-physician relationship.  Readers are advised to seek professional guidance regarding the diagnosis and treatment of their medical concerns.

Resources:

National Academy of Sciences

The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research

 

www.Healer.com

This website appears to be good resource for exploring medical marijuana.

 

References:

   

Terpenes – Overviews

1. Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of Terpenes – 2019
2. Terpenes:Terpenoids in Cannabis – Are They Important? – 2020
3. Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids – 2020
4. Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant – 2020
5. The Cannabis Terpenes – 2020
6. The “Entourage Effect” – Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders – 2020
7. Cannabis Essential Oil – A Preliminary Study for the Evaluation of the Brain Effects – 2018
8. A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System – A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration – 2020
9. Efficacy of Essential Oils in Pain – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence – 2021

 

Terpenes – Aromatherapy

1. Aromatherapy and Aromatic Plants for the Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms – 2017
2. Corrigendum – A question of scent – lavender aroma promotes interpersonal trust -2015
3. Odors enhance slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleepOdors enhance slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep
4. Essential Oils and Animals – Which Essential Oils Are Toxic to Pets?
5. Essential Oils and Pets
6. Herbs and Their Uses for Animals – Patchouli and Pets
7. Reactivating memories during sleep by odors – odor specificity and associated changes in sleep oscillations – 2014
8. Increasing Explicit Sequence Knowledge by Odor Cueing during Sleep in Men but not Women – 2016
9. Effects of odorant administration on objective and subjective measures of sleep quality, post-sleep mood and alertness, and cognitive performance – 2003
10. An Olfactory Stimulus Modifies Nighttime Sleep in Young Men and Women – 2005
11. Massage with or without aromatherapy for symptom relief in people with cancer. – PubMed – NCBI
12. Aromatherapy hand massage for older adults with chronic pain living in long-term care. – PubMed – NCBI
13. A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System – A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration – 2020
14. Human olfactory receptors – novel cellular functions outside of the nose,” – 2017
15. The diversified function and potential therapy of ectopic olfactory receptors in non-olfactory tissues – PubMed – 2017
16. How does your kidney smell? Emerging roles for olfactory receptors in renal function,” – 2017
17. The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application – 2020
18. Pharmacology of Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils in Food, Therapy, and Disease Prophylaxis – 2021

 

Terpenes – CB2 Receptor

1. Cannabinoid-based therapy as a future for joint degeneration. Focus on the role of CB2 receptor in the arthritis progression and pain – an updated review – 2021
2. β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – 2014
3. The CB2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation – 2016

 

Terpenes – Synergy with Cannabinoids:

1. Taming THC – potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects – 2011
2. A tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. – PubMed – NCBI
3. Entourage Effect 2.0
4. Cannabis and the Anxiety of Fragmentation—A Systems Approach for Finding an Anxiolytic Cannabis Chemotype – 2018
5. Terpenoids and Phytocannabinoids Co-Produced in Cannabis Sativa Strains Show Specific Interaction for Cell Cytotoxic Activity – 2019
6. Absence of Entourage – Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors – 2019
7. Terpenoids From Cannabis Do Not Mediate an Entourage Effect by Acting at Cannabinoid Receptors – 2020
8. The “Entourage Effect” – Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders – 2020

 

Terpenes – Marijuana Strains

1. Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
2. Terpenoid Chemoprofiles Distinguish Drug-type Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars in Nevada – 2018
3. Terpenoids and Phytocannabinoids Co-Produced in Cannabis Sativa Strains Show Specific Interaction for Cell Cytotoxic Activity – 2019
4. Identification of Terpenoid Chemotypes Among High (−)-trans-Δ9- Tetrahydrocannabinol-Producing Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars 0 2017
5. The Cannabinoid Content of Legal Cannabis in Washington State Varies Systematically Across Testing Facilities and Popular Consumer Products – 2018

 

Terpenes – Routes of Use:

1. The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application – 2020
2. Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants – Applications and drug delivery strategies – 2020
3. Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment – 2018

 

Terpenes – Bioavailability

1. Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Natural Volatile Terpenes in Animals and Humans – 2000
2. Bioavailability of Bioactive Compounds
3. SPC Liposomes as Possible Delivery Systems for Improving Bioavailability of the Natural Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene – 2018

 

Terpenes – Arthritis

1. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015

 

Terpenes – Anxiety

1. Cannabis and the Anxiety of Fragmentation—A Systems Approach for Finding an Anxiolytic Cannabis Chemotype – 2018
2. The “Entourage Effect”: Terpenes Coupled With Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders – PubMed – 2019
3. Medicinal cannabis for psychiatric disorders – a clinically-focused systematic review – 2020
4. A Systematic Review of the Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Essential Oils in Animal Models – 2015
5. A Systematic Review on the Anxiolytic Effect of Aromatherapy during the First Stage of Labor – 2019
6. A Systematic Review on the Anxiolytic Effectsof Aromatherapy in People with Anxiety Symptoms – 2011
7. Anxiolytic Terpenoids and Aromatherapy for Anxiety and Depression – PubMed – 2020
8. Effect of Aromatherapy on Dental Anxiety Among Orthodontic Patients – A Randomized Controlled Trial – 2019
9. Essential Oils and Their Constituents – An Alternative Source for Novel Antidepressants – 2017
10. Essential Oils and Their Constituents Targeting the GABAergic System and Sodium Channels as Treatment of Neurological Diseases – 2018
11. Possible Use of Phytochemicals for Recovery from COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia – 2021
12. The calming effect of roasted coffee aroma in patients undergoing dental procedures – 2021
13. The Effect of Lavender Aroma on Anxiety of Patients Having Bone Marrow Biopsy- 2020
14. The-Effects-of-Essential-Oils-and-Terpenes-in-Relation-to-Their-Routes-of-Intake-and-Application-2020
15. Therapeutic Effect and Mechanisms of Essential Oils in Mood Disorders – Interaction between the Nervous and Respiratory Systems – 2021
16. Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil Are Insensitive to Flumazenil in Rats – 2019

 

Terpenes – Infectious Diseases

1. Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Antiviral Activities of the Essential Oils of Seven Lebanon Species – 2008
2. Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants – Applications and drug delivery strategies – 2020
3. Essential Oils and Coronaviruses – 2020

 

Terpenes – Pain:

1. Analgesic-like Activity of Essential Oils Constituents – 2011
2. Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents – An Update – 2017
3. Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae in Pain Therapy – A Review – 2018
4. Analgesic Potential of Essential Oils – 2016
5. Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae in Pain Therapy – A Review – 2018
6. Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
7. Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant – 2020
8.  The Molecular Mechanisms That Underpin the Biological Benefits of Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain and Inflammation – PubMed – 2020
9. Cannabis-based medicines and the perioperative physician – 2019
10. Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults – 2018
11. Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain – An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science – 2018
12. Role of Cannabinoids and Terpenes in Cannabis-Mediated Analgesia in Rats – PubMed – 2019
13. Antinociceptive effect of inhalation of the essential oil of bergamot in mice – 2018
14. Analgesic Potential of Essential Oils – 2016
15. Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents – An Update – 2017

 

 

Terpenes – Headaches:

1.  Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain – An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science – 2018
2. Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018

 

Terpenes – Inflammation:

1. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015 
2. Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids – Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer – 2018
3. Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
4. Therapeutic Potential of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids from Forests for Inflammatory Diseases – 2020
5.  The Molecular Mechanisms That Underpin the Biological Benefits of Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain and Inflammation – PubMed – 2020
6. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015
7. Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Endocannabinoid System—Is there Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Bowel Disease? – 2019
8. Therapeutic Applications of Terpenes on Inflammatory Diseases – 2021

 

Esssential Oils

 

Essential Oils – Overviews

1. Essential Oils, Part I Introduction – PubMed – 2016
2. Essential Oils, Part II General Aspects – PubMed – 2016
3. Essential Oils, Part III Chemical Composition – PubMed – 2016
4. Essential Oils, Part IV Contact Allergy – PubMed- 2016
5. Essential Oils, Part V Peppermint Oil, Lavender Oil, and Lemongrass Oil – PubMed 2016

 

 

Essential Oils – Bearded Irises

1. Identification of Floral Scent Profiles in Bearded Irises – 2019

 

 

Essential Oils – Bergamot

1. The Anxiolytic Effect of Aromatherapy on Patients Awaiting Ambulatory Surgery – A Randomized Controlled Trial – 2013
2. Antinociceptive effect of inhalation of the essential oil of bergamot in mice – 2018
3. Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil Are Insensitive to Flumazenil in Rats – 2019
4. Bergamot – Natural Medicines – Professional.pdf
5. Citrus bergamia essential oil – from basic research to clinical application – 2015
6. Role of 5-HT1A Receptor in the Anxiolytic-Relaxant Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil in Rodent – 2020 Neuropharmacological Properties of the Essential Oil of Bergamot for the Clinical Management of Pain-Related BPSDs – PubMed – 2019
7. Possible involvement of the peripheral Mu-opioid system in antinociception induced by bergamot essential oil to allodynia after peripheral nerve injury – PubMed – 2018
8. Peripherally injected linalool and bergamot essential oil attenuate mechanical allodynia via inhibiting spinal ERK phosphorylation – PubMed – 2013
9. Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot – PubMed – 2010
10. Effect of Harvesting Time on Volatile Compounds Composition of Bergamot (Citrus × Bergamia) Essential Oil – 2019
11. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Peels of Three Citrus Species – 2020
12. Chemical_Composition_of_Bergamot_Citrus_Bergamia_Risso_Essential_Oil_Obtained_by_Hydrodistillation – 2010
13. Cannabinoid Signaling in the Skin – Therapeutic Potential of the “C(ut)annabinoid” System – 2019
14. Rational Basis for the Use of Bergamot Essential Oil in Complementary Medicine to Treat Chronic Pain – PubMed – 2016

 

Essential Oils – Plumeria

1. Constituents of essential oils from the leaf and flower of Plumeria alba grown in Nigeria – PubMed – 2014

 

Individual Terpenes

Terpenes: β-Caryophyllene:

1. (−)-β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Motor Paralysis and Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2017
2. Antiallodynic effect of β-caryophyllene on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. – PubMed – NCBI
3. Acute administration of beta-caryophyllene prevents endocannabinoid system activation during transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion – 2018
4. Antiallodynic effect of β-caryophyllene on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. – PubMed – NCBI
5. Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet – an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? – 2016
6. The anxiolytic-like effect of an essential oil derived from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. leaves and its major component, β-caryophyllene, in male mice – 2012
7. β‐caryophyllene and β‐caryophyllene oxide—natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties – 2016
8. β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – 2014
9. Toxicological Evaluation of β-Caryophyllene Oil: Subchronic Toxicity in Rats. – PubMed – NCBI 2016
10. The cannabinoid CB₂ receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic… – PubMed – NCBI – 2014
11. The cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain – 2013
12. SPC Liposomes as Possible Delivery Systems for Improving Bioavailability of the Natural Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene – 2018
13. β-Caryophyllene Inhibits Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice through CB2 Receptor Activation and PPARγ Pathway – 2011
14. Why wild giant pandas frequently roll in horse manure – 2020
15. Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid – 2008
16. Analgesia mediated by the TRPM8 cold receptor in chronic neuropathic pain. – 2006
17. The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold – PubMed – 2007
18. Molecular basis of peripheral innocuous cold sensitivity – 2018
19. Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception – PubMed – 2013
20. NON-CANNABIS THERAPY – Cannabinoid Therapy Without Using Cannabis: Direct Effects™ Topical β-Caryophyllene
21. Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
22. Preparation and Characterization of Liposomal β‐Caryophyllene (Rephyll) – 2020

 

Terpenes: Linalool:

1. GS12-linalool
2. Linalool – 1997
3. The “Entourage Effect”: Terpenes Coupled With Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders – PubMed – 2020
4. An olfactory stimulus modifies nighttime sleep in young men and women. – PubMed – NCBI
5. Lavender and sleep – A systematic review of the evidence – 2012
6. Lavender and the Nervous System – 2013
7. Effects of odorant administration on objective and subjective measures of sleep quality, post-sleep mood and alertness, and cognitive performance – 2003
8. In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes. – PubMed – NCBI – 2000
9. Odors enhance slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep – 2016
10. A question of scent – lavender aroma promotes interpersonal trust – 2015
11. Is Lavender an Anxiolytic Drug? A Systematic Review of Randomised Clinical Trials – 2012
12. Efficacy of Silexan in subthreshold anxiety – meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials – 2019
13. Essential oil of lavender in anxiety disorders – Ready for prime time? – 2017
14. Linalool is a PPAR ligand that reduces plasma TG levels and rewires the hepatic transcriptome and plasma metabolome – 2014
15. A Review of the Potential Use of Pinene and Linalool as Terpene-Based Medicines for Brain Health – Discovering Novel Therapeutics in the Flavours and Fragrances of Cannabis – 2021
16. The Efficacy of Lavender Aromatherapy in Reducing Preoperative Anxiety in Ambulatory Surgery Patients Undergoing Procedures in General Otolaryngology – 2017
17. Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Aroma Massage with Lavender Essential Oil – an Overview – 2020
18. Antinociceptive and anticonvulsant effects of the monoterpene linalool oxide – 2017
19. Exploring Pharmacological Mechanisms of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil on Central Nervous System Targets – 2017
20. Linalool Ameliorates Memory Loss and Behavioral Impairment Induced by REM-Sleep Deprivation through the Serotonergic Pathway – 2018
21. Effects of lavender on anxiety, depression and physiologic parameters – Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis – 2021
22. Lavender and sleep – A systematic review of the evidence – 2012
23. Lavender and the Nervous System – 2013
24. A question of scent – lavender aroma promotes interpersonal trust – 2015

 

 

Terpenes, Linalool: – Silexan

1. A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Randomised Study of the Lavender Oil Preparation Silexan in Comparison to Lorazepam for Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 2010
2. Is Lavender an Anxiolytic Drug? A Systematic Review of Randomised Clinical Trials – 2012
3.  An Orally Administered Lavandula Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Anxiety Disorder and Related Conditions- An Evidence Based Review – 2013
4. Lavender oil preparation Silexan is effective in generalized anxiety disorder – a randomized, double-blind comparison to placebo and paroxetine – 2014
5. Silexan in anxiety disorders – Clinical data and pharmacological background – 2017
6. Effectiveness of Silexan Oral Lavender Essential Oil Compared to Inhaled Lavender Essential Oil Aromatherapy for Sleep in Adults- A Systematic Review – 2018
7. Silexan in anxiety disorders Clinical data and pharmacological background – PubMed – 2018
8. Efficacy and safety of lavender essential oil (Silexan) capsules among patients suffering from anxiety disorders – A network meta-analysis – 2019
9. Efficacy of Silexan in subthreshold anxiety – meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials – 2019
10. Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders – A meta- analysis – 2020
11. Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of ‘subsyndromal’ anxiety disorder a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial – PubMed – 2010
12. A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of the Lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to Lorazepam for generalized anxiety disorder – PubMed – 2009
13. No Abuse Potential of Silexan in Healthy Recreational Drug Users – A Randomized Controlled Trial – 2021

 

Terpenes – Limonene

1. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015
2. Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products – 2021

 

Terpenes: Myrcene

1. β-MYRCENE – IARC MONOGRAPHS
2. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015
3. Myrcene—What Are the Potential Health Benefits of This Flavouring and Aroma Agent? – 2021

 

Terpenes: Pinene

1. A Review of the Potential Use of Pinene and Linalool as Terpene-Based Medicines for Brain Health – Discovering Novel Therapeutics in the Flavours and Fragrances of Cannabis – 2021

 

 

Medical Marijuana – Product Evaluation

1. The Cannabinoid Content of Legal Cannabis in Washington State Varies Systematically Across Testing Facilities and Popular Consumer Products – 2018
2. Quality Control of Traditional Cannabis Tinctures – Pattern, Markers, and Stability – 2016
3. Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Heavy Metal Analysis of 29 Over-the-Counter Commercial Veterinary Hemp Supplements – 2020

 

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