Aromatherapy

β-Caryophyllene

B-Caryophyllene – Found in Black Pepper

 

β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is widely used in aromatherapy for reducing pain and anxiety.  BCP has been shown to provide benefits for. chronic pain conditions including osteoarthritis (OA) and neuropathic pain conditions like peripheral neuropathy.  Its benefits also extend to pain comorbidities including anxiety, depression, and gut health.

This treatise focuses on the essential oils containing BCP for potential use as aromatherapy with room diffusers. The therapeutic. use of BCP in aromatherapy may be as a standalone use with a room diffuser or for synergistic use while inhaling cannabis products.

See also:

 

Page Contents:

  1. Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene
  2. Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene and Linalool
  3. Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene and Myrcene
  4. Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene, Linalool and Myrcene

 

Links to other Pertinent Educational Pages:

Links to ALL Marijuana Educational Pages

 

Links to to Commercial Terpene-Based Products:

Products with beta-caryophylline (BCP):

Terpenes:

Terpenes  – Therapeutic Benefits:

 

Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is  found in various essential oils, known for its spicy, woody aroma and potential therapeutic benefits, including pain, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties through CB2 receptor activation.

Key Benefits of Beta-caryophyllene (BCP):

  1. Beta-Caryophyllene: Reduces inflammation, pain, and anxiety (via CB2 receptor activation).

Below are some essential oils with high concentrations of beta-caryophyllene (BCP):

1. Copaiba Oil (Copaifera spp.)

  •  Contains 50–87.3% beta-caryophyllene, making it the richest known source .
  •   Often used for inflammation, pain relief, and skin health .

2. Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum)

  •   A major constituent, contributing to its strong, spicy aroma .
  •   Also contains eugenol, enhancing its antimicrobial properties .

3. Black Pepper Oil (Piper nigrum)

  •   Contains significant BCP, contributing to its pungent, peppery scent .
  •   Used in aromatherapy for muscle relaxation and digestive support .

4. Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus officinalis)

  •   Contains moderate levels of BCP, along with other terpenes like pinene .
  •   Supports cognitive function and circulation .

5. Hops Oil (Humulus lupulus)

  •   A key terpene in hops, contributing to beer’s aroma and potential calming effects .

6. Basil Oil (Ocimum basilicum)

  •   Contains BCP, adding to its spicy-herbal profile .

7. Ylang-Ylang Oil (Cananga odorata)

  •   Includes BCP in its complex floral-terpene blend .

8. Oregano Oil (Origanum vulgare)

  •   Contains BCP alongside carvacrol and thymol, boosting antimicrobial effects .

9. Cinnamon Oil (Cinnamomum spp.)

  •   Features BCP in a warm, spicy composition .

Key Takeaways:

  1. Copaiba and clove oils are the most concentrated sources of BCP.
  2. Black pepper, rosemary, and cannabis oils also offer notable amounts.
  3. BCP’s unique ability to activate CB2 receptors makes it valuable for inflammation and pain management without psychoactive effects .

 

Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene and Linalool

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP), known for its potential therapeutic benefits for pain and anxiety, can be paired with another terpene, linalool,  also known for the same benefits, pain and especially anxiety.

Key Benefits of This Combination

  1. Beta-Caryophyllene: Reduces inflammation, pain, and anxiety (via CB2 receptor activation).
  2. Linalool:  strong pain and anxiety benefits

Below are some essential oils with high concentrations of beta-caryophyllene (BCP) and Linalool:

1. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

  • Linalool content: ~37% (primary terpene) Beta-caryophyllene content: ~5.1%
  • Benefits: Lavender is widely recognized for its calming, anxiolytic and sleep-promoting effects due to linalool, while BCP contributes to its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties .

2. Basil (Ocimum basilicum), particularly Sweet Basil (Linalool chemotype)

  • Linalool content: Varies (some varieties are linalool-dominant)
  • Beta-caryophyllene content: Present in varying amounts
  • Benefits: Sweet basil essential oil, especially the linalool chemotype, is used for relaxation and mental clarity, while BCP enhances its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects .

3. Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata)

  • Beta-caryophyllene content:** High (one of the richest sources)
  • Linalool content:** Present in smaller amounts
  • Benefits:** Clove oil is strongly anti-inflammatory and analgesic due to BCP, while linalool adds mild relaxation benefits .

4. Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata)

  • Linalool content: Significant
  • Beta-caryophyllene content: Present
  • Benefits: Known for stress relief and mood enhancement, with additional anti-inflammatory support from BCP.

5. Copaiba (Copaifera spp.)

  • Beta-caryophyllene content: Very high (up to 87.3%)
  • Linalool content: Minor but present in some species
  • Benefits: Primarily used for pain and inflammation due to BCP’s strong CB2 receptor activation, with linalool contributing mild relaxation

6. Hemp (Cannabis sativa)

  • Beta-caryophyllene content: Present in some strains
  • Linalool content: Varies (found in strains like LA Confidential, Lavender)
  • enefits: Combines relaxation (linalool) with anti-inflammatory and pain-modulating effects (BCP) .

Key Takeaways

  1. Synergistic Effects: Linalool (calming, anti-anxiety) and BCP (anti-inflammatory, analgesic) work well together, making blends of these oils particularly effective for stress and pain relief .
  2. Application Methods: For relaxation, inhalation (diffuser) maximizes linalool’s effects, while topical application (diluted) may enhance BCP’s anti-inflammatory benefits .

 

Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene and Myrcene

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP), known for its potential therapeutic benefits for pain and anxiety, can be paired with another terpene, myrcene,  also known for pain and anti-inflammatory benefits, but also for anxiety and, at higher doses, sleep and sedation especially anxiety.

Key Benefits of This Combination

  1. Myrcene: Enhances relaxation, sedation, and cannabinoid absorption (entourage effect).
  2. Beta-Caryophyllene: Reduces inflammation, pain, and anxiety (via CB2 receptor activation).

Below are some essential oils with high concentrations of beta-caryophyllene (BCP) and Myrcene:

1. Hops Essential Oil (Humulus lupulus)*

  • Myrcene 50–70% (one of the highest natural sources)
  • Beta-Caryophyllene 5–15% (significant secondary terpene)
  • Effects: Deep relaxation, sedation, anti-inflammatory, and pain relief.
  • Uses: Aromatherapy for sleep, topical blends for muscle relaxation.

2. Black Pepper Essential Oil (Piper nigrum)

  • Beta-Caryophyllene 15–30% (one of the richest sources)
  • Myrcene 5–15% (present in notable amounts)
  • Effects: Warming, pain-relieving, anti-anxiety, and digestive support.
  • Uses: Topical pain relief blends, diffusion for stress reduction.

4. Copaiba Essential Oil (Copaifera spp.)

  • Beta-Caryophyllene: 30–60% (primary component)
  • Myrcene: 5–10% (varies by species)
  • Effects: Potent anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and soothing.
  • Uses: Often used in pain creams and anti-inflammatory formulations.

5. Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum)

  • Beta-Caryophyllene: 10–20%
  • Myrcene: 5–10%
  • Effects: Strong analgesic, antimicrobial, and digestive benefits.
  • Uses: Dental pain relief, anti-inflammatory blends.

6. Myrrh Essential Oil (Commiphora myrrha)

  • Beta-Caryophyllene: 10–25%
  • Myrcene: 5–15%
  • Effects: Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and immune support.
  • Uses: Skin care, joint pain relief, and meditation blends.

 

Best Blends for Maximum Effects of beta-Caryophyllene + Myrcene:

If you want a strong myrcene + beta-caryophyllene synergy, consider mixing:

  1. Hops (high myrcene) + Copaiba (high beta-caryophyllene)**
  2. Black Pepper + Myrrh (for pain relief)
  3. Cannabis terpenes (if legal) + Clove (for deep relaxation)

 

Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene, Linalool and Myrcene

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP), known for its potential therapeutic benefits for pain and anxiety, can be paired with another terpene, myrcene,  also known for pain and anti-inflammatory benefits, but also for anxiety and, at higher doses, sleep and sedation especially anxiety.

Key Benefits of This Combination

  1. Beta-Caryophyllene: Reduces inflammation, pain, and anxiety (via CB2 receptor activation).
  2. Linalool:  strong pain and anxiety benefits
  3. Myrcene: Enhances relaxation, sedation, and cannabinoid absorption

Several essential oils contain a combination of beta-caryophyllene, linalool and myrcene, which are terpenes known for their pain relieving, relaxing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anxiety properties.

Below are some essential oils with high concentrations of all three terpenes:  beta-caryophyllene (BCP) Linalool and Myrcene:

1. Lavender Essential Oil 

  • Linalool: Dominant in lavender, contributing to its floral, calming aroma and anxiolytic effects .
  • Beta–Caryophyllene: Present in smaller amounts, offering anti-inflammatory and pain-relief benefits .
  • Myrcene:  Found in trace amounts only, may provide additional enhancement  relaxation and sedation .
  • Ideal for aromatherapy (diffusion) or topical application for stress relief and wound healing .

2. Hops Essential Oil 

  • Myrcene: Constitutes up to 70% of hop oil, imparting earthy, herbal aromas .
  • Beta-Caryophyllene: Contributes spicy, woody notes and gastroprotective effects
  • Linalool: Minor component, adding subtle floral undertones .
  • Use: Popular in brewing and herbal remedies for relaxation .

3. Other Plant Sources 

  1. Basil and Thyme: Contain moderate levels of all three terpenes, especially when extracted via steam distillation .
  2. Cloves: High in beta-caryophyllene, with traces of linalool and myrcene .

 

Key Considerations: 

Synergistic Effects:

These terpenes enhance each other’s benefits (e.g., myrcene may increase cannabinoid absorption into the brain, while linalool and beta-caryophyllene modulate inflammation and mood) .

Application Methods: 

  • Aromatherapy: Best for linalool’s anxiolytic effects .
  • Topical Use: Beta-caryophyllene excels in skin applications .
  • Oral Consumption: Myrcene-rich oils (e.g., hops) may aid digestion .

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 References:

β-Caryophyllene (BCP)

BCP – Newly uploaded articles

  1. Cannabinoid Therapeutics in Chronic Neuropathic Pain – From Animal Research to Human Treatment – 2021
  2. Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception – PubMed – 2013
  3. Mechanisms of Transmission and Processing of Pain- A Narrative Review – 2023
  4. Targeting nociceptive transient receptor potential channels to treat chronic pain- current state of the field – 2018
  5. β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid, complexed with β-cyclodextrin produced anti-hyperalgesic effect involving the inhibition of Fos expression in superficial dorsal horn – PubMed – 2016

 

 

BCP – Overviews

  1. Beta-caryophyllene-is-a-dietary-cannabinoid-2008
  2. The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application – 2020
  3. A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid – 2021
  4. β‐caryophyllene and β‐caryophyllene oxide—natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties. – 2016

 

 

BCP – Aging/Geroprotection

  1. Terpenoids as Potential Geroprotectors – 2020

 

BCP – Anxiety

  1. β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – 2014
  2. β-Caryophyllene, the major constituent of copaiba oil, reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats – PubMed – 2018
  3. The anxiolytic-like effect of an essential oil derived from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. leaves and its major component, β-caryophyllene, in male mice – 2012
  4. Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Properties of the β-caryophyllene in Swiss Mice Involvement of Benzodiazepine-GABAAergic, Serotonergic and Nitrergic Systems – PubMed 2021
  5. β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – PubMed – 2014

 

BCP – Antioxidant/Oxidative Stress

  1. Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene – A Focus on the Nervous System – 2021
  2. β-Caryophyllene, the major constituent of copaiba oil, reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats – PubMed – 2018
  3. A-systematic-review-on-the-neuroprotective-perspectives-of-beta-caryophyllene-PubMed-2018
  4. Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene – A Focus on the Nervous System – 2021
  5. Multi-Target Effects of ß-Caryophyllene and Carnosic Acid at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration- From Oxidative Stress to Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation – 2022
  6. β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020

 

BCP – Arthritis

  1. Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
  2. β-Caryophyllene Ameliorates MSU-Induced Gouty Arthritis and Inflammation Through Inhibiting NLRP3 and NF-κB Signal Pathway – In Silico and In Vivo – 2021
  3. β-Caryophyllene, the major constituent of copaiba oil, reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats – PubMed – 2018
  4. Exploiting Curcumin Synergy With Natural Products Using Quantitative Analysis of Dose–Effect Relationships in an Experimental In Vitro Model of Osteoarthritis – 2019
  5. Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba T and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis – 2018
  6. Topical cannabidiol is well tolerated in individuals with a history of elite physical performance and chronic lower extremity pain – 2023
  7. Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
  8. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Topical Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Thumb Basal Joint Arthritis – PubMed – 2022
  9. Myrtenal and β-caryophyllene oxide screened from Liquidambaris Fructus suppress NLRP3 inflammasome components in rheumatoid arthritis – 2021
  10. Antinociceptive and chondroprotective effects of prolonged β-caryophyllene treatment in the animal model of osteoarthritis Focus on tolerance development – 2021
  11. CB2 agonism controls pain and subchondral bone degeneration induced by mono-iodoacetate Implications GPCR functional bias and tolerance development – 2021
  12. Joint problems arising from lack of repair mechanisms can cannabinoids help – 2019
  13. Cannabinoid-based therapy as a future for joint degeneration. Focus on the role of CB2 receptor in the arthritis progression and pain an updated review – 2021
  14. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of the Cannabis Terpene Myrcene in Rat Adjuvant Monoarthritis – 2022

 

BCP – Pharmacology, Bioavailability & Pharmacokinetics

  1. Distribution of inhaled volatile β‐caryophyllene and dynamic changes of liver metabolites in mice – 2021
  2. β-caryophyllene Delivery Systems Enhancing the Oral Pharmacokinetic and Stability – PubMed – 2018
  3. SPC Liposomes as Possible Delivery Systems for Improving Bioavailability of the Natural Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene – 2018
  4. A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid – 2021

 

BCP – Central Sensitization

  1. Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
  2. A systematic review on the neuroprotective perspectives of beta-caryophyllene – PubMed – 2018

 

BCP – Colitis

  1. β-Caryophyllene Inhibits Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice through CB2 Receptor Activation and PPARγ Pathway – 2011

 

BCP – Copaiba

  1. Toxicological Effects of Copaiba Oil (Copaifera spp.) and Its Active Components – 2023
  2. Essential oils for treating anxiety- a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and network meta-analysis – 2023
  3. Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba T and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis – 2018
  4. The Effect of Copaiba Oil Odor on Anxiety Relief in Adults under Mental Workload- A Randomized Controlled Trial – 2022

 

 BCP – Cold Pain / TPRM8 Receptor

  1. Why wild giant pandas frequently roll in horse manure – 2020
  2. Analgesia mediated by the TRPM8 cold receptor in chronic neuropathic pain. – 2006
  3. The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold – PubMed – 2007
  4. Molecular basis of peripheral innocuous cold sensitivity – 2018
  5. Dysfunctional TRPM8 signalling in the vascular response to environmental cold in ageing – 2021
  6. Characterization of New TRPM8 Modulators in Pain Perception – 2019
  7. Development of TRPM8 Antagonists to Treat Chronic Pain and Migraine – 2017
  8. Discovery of a Selective TRPM8 Antagonist with Clinical Efficacy in Cold-Related Pain – 2015
  9. Evaluation by Survival Analysis of Cold Pain Tolerance in Patients with Fibromyalgia and Opioid Use – 2022
  10. Molecular mechanisms of cold pain 2020
  11. Targeting nociceptive transient receptor potential channels to treat chronic pain- current state of the field – 2018
  12. TRPM8 mechanism of cold allodynia after chronic nerve injury. – 2007
  13. Neuronal and non-neuronal TRPA1 as therapeutic targets for pain and headache relief – 2022 Therapeutic opportunities for targeting cold pain pathways – PubMed – 2014
  14. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Ion Channels in Orofacial Pain – 2021
  15. TRPM8 and TRPA1 do not contribute to dental pulp sensitivity to cold – 2018

 

BCP – Dental

  1. β-Caryophyllene Reduces the Inflammatory Phenotype of Periodontal Cells by Targeting CB2 Receptors – 2020
  2. TRPM8 and TRPA1 do not contribute to dental pulp sensitivity to cold – 2018

 

BCP – Diabetes

  1. Therapeutic Potential of β-Caryophyllene – A Dietary Cannabinoid in Diabetes and Associated Complications – 2021
  2. Observational clinical and nerve conduction study on effects of a nutraceutical combination on painful diabetic distal symmetric sensory-motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes- PubMed – 2018
  3. β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020

 

BCP – Diet

  1. A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid – 2021
  2. Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid – 2008 
  3. β-caryophyllene Delivery Systems Enhancing the Oral Pharmacokinetic and Stability – PubMed – 2018
  4. Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet – an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? – 2016
  5. Therapeutic Potential of β-Caryophyllene – A Dietary Cannabinoid in Diabetes and Associated Complications – 2021
  6. β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19 – 2021

 

 

BCP – Infection/COVID-19

  1. β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19 – 2021

 

BCP – Inflammation/Neuroinflammation

  1. (−)-β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Motor Paralysis and Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2017
  2. β-Caryophyllene Ameliorates MSU-Induced Gouty Arthritis and Inflammation Through Inhibiting NLRP3 and NF-κB Signal Pathway – In Silico and In Vivo – 2021
  3. β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19 – 2021
  4. Role of β-Caryophyllene in the Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oil – 2020
  5. β-Caryophyllene Reduces the Inflammatory Phenotype of Periodontal Cells by Targeting CB2 Receptors – 2020
  6. A systematic review on the neuroprotective perspectives of beta-caryophyllene – PubMed – 2018
  7. Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
  8. Beta-caryophyllene protects against diet-induced dyslipidemia and vascular inflammation in rats Involvement of CB2 and PPAR-γ receptors – PubMed – 2019
  9. Myrtenal and β-caryophyllene oxide screened from Liquidambaris Fructus suppress NLRP3 inflammasome components in rheumatoid arthritis – 2021
  10. Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
  11. The CB2 Agonist β-Caryophyllene in Male and Female Rats Exposed to a Model of Persistent Inflammatory Pain – 2020
  12. Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies- New Insights and Therapeutic Potential – 2022
  13. β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020

 

BCP – Misc

  1. Acute administration of beta-caryophyllene prevents endocannabinoid system activation during transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion – 2018
  2. Inhibitory Effects of β-Caryophyllene on Helicobacter pylori Infection In Vitro and In Vivo – 2020

 

BCP – Multiple Sclerosis

  1. (−)-β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Motor Paralysis and Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2017
  2. Traditional Uses of Cannabinoids and New Perspectives in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis – 2018
  3. Low Doses of β-Caryophyllene Reduced Clinical and Paraclinical Parameters of an Autoimmune Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2023

 

BCP – Nephropathy

  1. β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020

BCP – Pain

  1. β‐caryophyllene and β‐caryophyllene oxide—natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties – 2016
  2. Antiallodynic effect of β-caryophyllene on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. – PubMed – NCBI
  3. The cannabinoid CB₂ receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic… – PubMed – NCBI – 2014
  4. The cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain – 2013
  5. Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception – PubMed – 2013
  6. Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
  7. Role of β-Caryophyllene in the Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oil – 2020
  8. A systematic review on the neuroprotective perspectives of beta-caryophyllene – PubMed – 2018
  9. Efficacy of Essential Oils in Pain – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence – 2021
  10. Observational clinical and nerve conduction study on effects of a nutraceutical combination on painful diabetic distal symmetric sensory-motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes- PubMed – 2018
  11. Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene in Combination: A Therapeutic Functional Interaction. 2022pdf
  12. Antiallodynic effect of β-caryophyllene on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice – PubMed 2017
  13. The cannabinoid CB 2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain 2014
  14. The Endocannabinoid System, Cannabinoids, and Pain – 2013
  15. β-Caryophyllene, a CB2-Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Antiretroviral-Induced Neuropathic Pain – 2019
  16. β-Caryophyllene, a Natural Sesquiterpene, Attenuates Neuropathic Pain and Depressive-Like Behavior in Experimental Diabetic Mice – PubMed – 2019
  17. Cannabinoid Therapeutics in Chronic Neuropathic Pain – From Animal Research to Human Treatment – 2021
  18. Mechanisms of Transmission and Processing of Pain- A Narrative Review – 2023
  19. Evaluation by Survival Analysis of Cold Pain Tolerance in Patients with Fibromyalgia and Opioid Use – 2022
  20. Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception – PubMed – 2013
  21. Cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system and pain- a review of preclinical studies – 2021
  22. The Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain- A Review – 2021

 

BCP – Products

  1. CarolinaCannabinoids.
  2. Nootropics Depot  250 mg capsules with 6% BCP  (equal to 15 mg BCP)
  3. Nootropics Depot powder with 6% BCP
  4. doTERRA Copaiba Essential Oil 120 mg Softgels (?? % BCP)
  5. Noxiall® (PEA 600 mg, Commiphora Myrrha 50 mg, Piper Nigrum 13.4 mg (10 mg β-cariofillene) and Rosmarinus Officinalis

 

Topical BCP/PEA – Tulla Botanicals, References

  1. Detailed Overview of Pharmacology of Active Ingredients in Tulla Botanicals Wellness Topicals 1.19.24

 

  1. A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid – 2021
  2. Beta Caryophyllene-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Management of Skin Disorders – 2023
  3. Beta-caryophyllene as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and re-epithelialization activities in a rat skin wound excision model – 2022
  4. Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
  5. Beta-caryophyllene-is-a-dietary-cannabinoid-2008
  6. Efficacy of a Combination of N-Palmitoylethanolamide, Beta-Caryophyllene, Carnosic Acid, and Myrrh Extract on Chronic Neuropathic Pain – A Preclinical Study – 2019
  7. Hemp Seed Oil in Association with β-Caryophyllene, Myrcene and Ginger Extract as a Nutraceutical Integration in Knee Osteoarthritis – 2022
  8. Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene – A Focus on the Nervous System – 2021
  9. Multi-Target Effects of ß-Caryophyllene and Carnosic Acid at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration- From Oxidative Stress to Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation – 2022
  10. Myrtenal and β-caryophyllene oxide screened from Liquidambaris Fructus suppress NLRP3 inflammasome components in rheumatoid arthritis – 2021
  11. Non-clinical toxicity of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid Absence of adverse effects in female Swiss mice – PubMed – 2018
  12. Plant Natural Sources of the Endocannabinoid ( E)-β-Caryophyllene- A Systematic Quantitative Analysis of Published Literature – 2020
  13. Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
  14. The CB2 Agonist β-Caryophyllene in Male and Female Rats Exposed to a Model of Persistent Inflammatory Pain – 2020
  15. The Endocannabinoid System, Cannabinoids, and Pain – 2013
  16. β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020
  17. β-Caryophyllene-Loaded Microemulsion-Based Topical Hydrogel- A Promising Carrier to Enhance the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Outcomes – 2023
  18. β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – PubMed – 2014
  19. (−)-β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Motor Paralysis and Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2017
  20. β-Caryophyllene, a CB2-Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Antiretroviral-Induced Neuropathic Pain – 2019
  21. β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19 – 2021
  22. β-Caryophyllene, a Natural Sesquiterpene, Attenuates Neuropathic Pain and Depressive-Like Behavior in Experimental Diabetic Mice – PubMed – 2019

BCP – Product Formulations

  1. Preparation and Characterization of Liposomal β‐Caryophyllene (Rephyll) – 2020
  2. SPC Liposomes as Possible Delivery Systems for Improving Bioavailability of the Natural Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene – 2018
  3. Observational clinical and nerve conduction study on effects of a nutraceutical combination on painful diabetic distal symmetric sensory-motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes- PubMed – 2018

 

BCP – Safety

  1. Non-clinical toxicity of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid Absence of adverse effects in female Swiss mice – PubMed – 2018

 

BCP – Sources

  1. Development of a Gas Chromatography Method for the Analysis of Copaiba Oil – 2017
  2. Fast-Acting_and_Receptor-Mediated_Regulation_of_Neuronal Signaling Pathways by Copaiba Essential Oil
  3. β-Caryophyllene, the major constituent of copaiba oil, reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats – PubMed – 2018
  4. Role of β-Caryophyllene in the Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oil – 2020
  5. The anxiolytic-like effect of an essential oil derived from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. leaves and its major component, β-caryophyllene, in male mice – 2012
  6. Plant Natural Sources of the Endocannabinoid ( E)-β-Caryophyllene- A Systematic Quantitative Analysis of Published Literature – 2020

 

BCP – Synergy

BCP – CBD

  1. Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene in Combination: A Therapeutic Functional Interaction. 2022.pdf
  2. Hemp Seed Oil in Association with β-Caryophyllene, Myrcene and Ginger Extract as a Nutraceutical Integration in Knee Osteoarthritis – 2022

 

 

BCP – Synergy: Curcumin & Echinacea

  1. Exploiting Curcumin Synergy With Natural Products Using Quantitative Analysis of Dose–Effect Relationships in an Experimental In Vitro Model of Osteoarthritis – 2019

BCP – Synergy: NSAIDs

  1. Dual-Acting Compounds Targeting Endocannabinoid and Endovanilloid Systems—A Novel Treatment Option for Chronic Pain Management – 2016
  2. Activation of Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors Synergizes the Effect of Systemic Ibuprofen in a Pain Model in Rat – 2022
  3. Combination Drug Therapy for the Management of Chronic Neuropathic Pain – 2023
  4. Local interactions between anandamide, an endocannabinoid, and ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in acute and inflammatory pain – PubMed – 2006
  5. Involvement of Spinal CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors on the Antinociceptive Effect of Celecoxib in Rat Formalin Test – 2016

 

BCP – Synergy: Opioids

  1. Synergistic attenuation of chronic pain using mu opioid and cannabinoid receptor 2 agonists – 2016
  2. Effect of Pharmacological Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System on Opiate Withdrawal: A Review of the Preclinical Animal Literature – 2016

 

BCP – Synergy: Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)

  1. Noxiall® (PEA 600 mg, Commiphora Myrrha 50 mg, Piper Nigrum 13.4 mg (10 mg β-cariofillene) and Rosmarinus Officinalis
  2. Efficacy of a Combination of N-Palmitoylethanolamide, Beta-Caryophyllene, Carnosic Acid, and Myrrh Extract on Chronic Neuropathic Pain – A Preclinical Study – 2019
  3. Short-term efficacy of a fixed association of Palmitoylethanolamide and other phytochemicals as add-on therapy in the management of chronic pain in elderly patients – 2018
  4. The Endocannabinoid System and PPARs – Focus on Their Signalling Crosstalk, Action and Transcriptional Regulation – 2021
  5. Observational clinical and nerve conduction study on effects of a nutraceutical combination on painful diabetic distal symmetric sensory-motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes- PubMed – 2018
  6. A Personal Retrospective: Elevating Anandamide (AEA) by Targeting Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) and the Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs) – 2016

 

BCP – Topical

  1. NON-CANNABIS THERAPY – Cannabinoid Therapy Without Using Cannabis: Direct Effects™ Topical β-Caryophyllene
  2. Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
  3. The fragrance chemical beta-caryophyllene-air oxidation and skin sensitization – PubMed – 2005
  4. Expression of the Endocannabinoid Receptors in Human Fascial Tissue – 2016
  5. Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba T and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis – 2018
  6. Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba T and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis – 2018
  7. The cannabinoid CB 2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain 2014
  8. Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene in Combination: A Therapeutic Functional Interaction. 2022.pdf
  9. Antiallodynic effect of β-caryophyllene on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice – PubMed 2017
  10. The Skin and Natural Cannabinoids–Topical and Transdermal Applications – 2023
  11. Topical cannabidiol (CBD) in skin pathology – A comprehensive review and prospects for new therapeutic opportunities – 2022
  12. Beta-caryophyllene as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and re-epithelialization activities in a rat skin wound excision model – 2022
  13. Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
  14. β-Caryophyllene-Loaded Microemulsion-Based Topical Hydrogel- A Promising Carrier to Enhance the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Outcomes – 2023

 

 

BCP – Toxicity

  1. The fragrance chemical beta-caryophyllene-air oxidation and skin sensitization – PubMed – 2005
  2. Toxicological Evaluation of β-Caryophyllene Oil: Subchronic Toxicity in Rats. – PubMed – NCBI 2016

 

BCP – Wound Healing

  1. Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
  2. Beta-caryophyllene as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and re-epithelialization activities in a rat skin wound excision mode – 2022
  3. Cannabinoid Signaling in the Skin – Therapeutic Potential of the “C(ut)annabinoid” System – 2019

 

Terpenes

Terpenes – Overviews

  1. Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of Terpenes – 2019
  2. Terpenes:Terpenoids in Cannabis – Are They Important? – 2020
  3. Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids – 2020
  4. Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant – 2020
  5. The Cannabis Terpenes – 2020
  6. The “Entourage Effect” – Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders – 2020
  7. Cannabis Essential Oil – A Preliminary Study for the Evaluation of the Brain Effects – 2018
  8. A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System – A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration – 2020
  9. Efficacy of Essential Oils in Pain – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence – 2021
  10. The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application – 2020

 

Terpenes – Aromatherapy

  1. Aromatherapy and Aromatic Plants for the Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms – 2017
  2. Corrigendum – A question of scent – lavender aroma promotes interpersonal trust -2015
  3. Odors enhance slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleepOdors enhance slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep
  4. Essential Oils and Animals – Which Essential Oils Are Toxic to Pets?
  5. Essential Oils and Pets
  6. Herbs and Their Uses for Animals – Patchouli and Pets
  7. Reactivating memories during sleep by odors – odor specificity and associated changes in sleep oscillations – 2014
  8. Increasing Explicit Sequence Knowledge by Odor Cueing during Sleep in Men but not Women – 2016
  9. Effects of odorant administration on objective and subjective measures of sleep quality, post-sleep mood and alertness, and cognitive performance – 2003
  10. An Olfactory Stimulus Modifies Nighttime Sleep in Young Men and Women – 2005
  11. Massage with or without aromatherapy for symptom relief in people with cancer. – PubMed – NCBI
  12. Aromatherapy hand massage for older adults with chronic pain living in long-term care. – PubMed – NCBI
  13. A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System – A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration – 2020
  14. Human olfactory receptors – novel cellular functions outside of the nose,” – 2017
  15. The diversified function and potential therapy of ectopic olfactory receptors in non-olfactory tissues – PubMed – 2017
  16. How does your kidney smell? Emerging roles for olfactory receptors in renal function,” – 2017
  17. The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application – 2020

 

Terpenes – CB2 Receptor

  1. Cannabinoid-based therapy as a future for joint degeneration. Focus on the role of CB2 receptor in the arthritis progression and pain – an updated review – 2021
  2. β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – 2014
  3. The CB2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation – 2016
  4. Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
  5. Activation of Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors Synergizes the Effect of Systemic Ibuprofen in a Pain Model in Rat – 2022
  6. Involvement of Spinal CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors on the Antinociceptive Effect of Celecoxib in Rat Formalin Test – 2016

 

Terpenes – Synergy with Cannabinoids:

  1. Taming THC – potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects – 2011
  2. A tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. – PubMed – NCBI
  3. Entourage Effect 2.0
  4. Cannabis and the Anxiety of Fragmentation—A Systems Approach for Finding an Anxiolytic Cannabis Chemotype – 2018
  5. Terpenoids and Phytocannabinoids Co-Produced in Cannabis Sativa Strains Show Specific Interaction for Cell Cytotoxic Activity – 2019
  6. Absence of Entourage – Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors – 2019
  7. Terpenoids From Cannabis Do Not Mediate an Entourage Effect by Acting at Cannabinoid Receptors – 2020
  8. The “Entourage Effect” – Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders – 2020

 

Terpenes – Marijuana Strains

  1. Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
  2. Terpenoid Chemoprofiles Distinguish Drug-type Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars in Nevada – 2018
  3. Terpenoids and Phytocannabinoids Co-Produced in Cannabis Sativa Strains Show Specific Interaction for Cell Cytotoxic Activity – 2019
  4. Identification of Terpenoid Chemotypes Among High (−)-trans-Δ9- Tetrahydrocannabinol-Producing Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars 0 2017
  5. The Cannabinoid Content of Legal Cannabis in Washington State Varies Systematically Across Testing Facilities and Popular Consumer Products – 2018

 

 

Terpenes – Bioavailability

  1. Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Natural Volatile Terpenes in Animals and Humans – 2000
  2. Bioavailability of Bioactive Compounds
  3. SPC Liposomes as Possible Delivery Systems for Improving Bioavailability of the Natural Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene – 2018

Terpenes – Pain:

  1. Analgesic-like Activity of Essential Oils Constituents – 2011
  2. Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents – An Update – 2017
  3. Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae in Pain Therapy – A Review – 2018
  4. Analgesic Potential of Essential Oils – 2016
  5. Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae in Pain Therapy – A Review – 2018
  6. Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
  7. Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant – 2020
  8.  The Molecular Mechanisms That Underpin the Biological Benefits of Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain and Inflammation – PubMed – 2020
  9. Cannabis-based medicines and the perioperative physician – 2019
  10. Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults – 2018
  11. Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain – An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science – 2018
  12. Role of Cannabinoids and Terpenes in Cannabis-Mediated Analgesia in Rats – PubMed – 2019
  13. Antinociceptive effect of inhalation of the essential oil of bergamot in mice – 2018
  14. Analgesic Potential of Essential Oils – 2016
  15. Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents – An Update – 2017

 

 

Terpenes – Inflammation:

  1. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015 
  2. Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids – Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer – 2018
  3. Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
  4. Therapeutic Potential of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids from Forests for Inflammatory Diseases – 2020
  5.  The Molecular Mechanisms That Underpin the Biological Benefits of Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain and Inflammation – PubMed – 2020
  6. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015
  7. Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Endocannabinoid System—Is there Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Bowel Disease? – 2019
  8. Therapeutic Applications of Terpenes on Inflammatory Diseases – 2021
  9. Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020

 

Terpenes – Wound Healing

  1. Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019

 

 

 Individual Sources of Terpenes

Terpenes – Bergamot

  1. The Anxiolytic Effect of Aromatherapy on Patients Awaiting Ambulatory Surgery – A Randomized Controlled Trial – 2013
  2. Antinociceptive effect of inhalation of the essential oil of bergamot in mice – 2018
  3. Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil Are Insensitive to Flumazenil in Rats – 2019
  4. Bergamot – Natural Medicines – Professional.pdf
  5. Citrus bergamia essential oil – from basic research to clinical application – 2015
  6. Role of 5-HT1A Receptor in the Anxiolytic-Relaxant Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil in Rodent – 2020 Neuropharmacological Properties of the Essential Oil of Bergamot for the Clinical Management of Pain-Related BPSDs – PubMed – 2019
  7. Possible involvement of the peripheral Mu-opioid system in antinociception induced by bergamot essential oil to allodynia after peripheral nerve injury – PubMed – 2018
  8. Peripherally injected linalool and bergamot essential oil attenuate mechanical allodynia via inhibiting spinal ERK phosphorylation – PubMed – 2013
  9. Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot – PubMed – 2010
  10. Effect of Harvesting Time on Volatile Compounds Composition of Bergamot (Citrus × Bergamia) Essential Oil – 2019
  11. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Peels of Three Citrus Species – 2020
  12. Chemical_Composition_of_Bergamot_Citrus_Bergamia_Risso_Essential_Oil_Obtained_by_Hydrodistillation – 2010
  13. Cannabinoid Signaling in the Skin – Therapeutic Potential of the “C(ut)annabinoid” System – 2019
  14. Rational Basis for the Use of Bergamot Essential Oil in Complementary Medicine to Treat Chronic Pain – PubMed – 2016

 

 

 

 

 

Emphasis on Education

 

Accurate Clinic promotes patient education as the foundation of it’s medical care. In Dr. Ehlenberger’s integrative approach to patient care, including conventional and complementary and alternative medical (CAM) treatments, he may encourage or provide advice about the use of supplements. However, the specifics of choice of supplement, dosing and duration of treatment should be individualized through discussion with Dr. Ehlenberger. The following information and reference articles are presented to provide the reader with some of the latest research to facilitate evidence-based, informed decisions regarding the use of conventional as well as CAM treatments.

 

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Should you wish more information regarding any of the subjects listed – or not listed –  here, please contact Dr. Ehlenberger. He has literally thousands of published articles to share on hundreds of topics associated with pain management, weight loss, nutrition, addiction recovery and emergency medicine. It would take years for you to read them, as it did him.

 

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