Aromatherapy
β-Caryophyllene

B-Caryophyllene – Found in Black Pepper
β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is widely used in aromatherapy for reducing pain and anxiety. BCP has been shown to provide benefits for. chronic pain conditions including osteoarthritis (OA) and neuropathic pain conditions like peripheral neuropathy. Its benefits also extend to pain comorbidities including anxiety, depression, and gut health.
This treatise focuses on the essential oils containing BCP for potential use as aromatherapy with room diffusers. The therapeutic. use of BCP in aromatherapy may be as a standalone use with a room diffuser or for synergistic use while inhaling cannabis products.
See also:
Page Contents:
Links to other Pertinent Educational Pages:
Links to ALL Marijuana Educational Pages
Links to to Commercial Terpene-Based Products:
Products with beta-caryophylline (BCP):
Terpenes:
Terpenes – Therapeutic Benefits:
- Terpenes – Pain
- Terpenes – Anxiety
- Terpenes – Inflammation
- Terpenes – Insomnia
Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene
Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is found in various essential oils, known for its spicy, woody aroma and potential therapeutic benefits, including pain, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties through CB2 receptor activation.
Key Benefits of Beta-caryophyllene (BCP):
Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP): Reduces inflammation, pain, and anxiety. BCP is a “dietary cannabinoid” that can activate the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in the human endocannabinoid system BUT without the psychoactive effects associated with THC (CB1 receptor activation). Activation of CB2 receptors can modulate inflammatory and neuropathic pain, though most studies have focused on BCP’s oral or topical administration rather than inhalation. BCP’s unique ability to activate CB2 receptors makes it valuable for inflammation and pain management without psychoactive effects .
Common essential oils with their BCP concentrations:
- Copaiba Oil (Copaifera spp.): 50–87.3% BCP, it the richest known source. Often used for inflammation, pain relief, and skin health .
- Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum): 1–25% BCP
- Black Pepper Oil (Piper nigrum): 1.4% up to 70.4% BCP.
- Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus officinalis): 0.5% to over 16%
- Hops Oil (Humulus lupulus): 6% to 15%
- Basil Oil (Ocimum basilicum): 1%-10%
- Ylang-Ylang Oil (Cananga odorata): 4% – 27%.
- Oregano Oil (Origanum vulgare): 2.7% – 8.8%, up to as high as 17–19%
- Cinnamon Oil (Cinnamomum spp.): 1% – 11.7%
- Copaiba oil is the most concentrated sources of BCP.
- Black pepper, clove oil, rosemary and ylang ylang may offer notable amounts
Essential oils with potentially high BCP
Copaiba Oil (Copaifera spp.)
While preliminary findings, primarily from animal studies and small human trials, suggest potential benefits, large-scale, well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety.
Summary of evidence for Copaiba
- BCP concentration: Highest of the oils listed, with up to 87.3% BCP.
- Mechanism of action:
Basic research has identified a plausible mechanism for pain and inflammation relief. The essential oil has a high concentration of beta-caryophyllene, a terpene that interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system, specifically targeting the CB2 receptors. This action helps reduce inflammation and pain without the psychoactive effects associated with CB1 receptor activity.
- Evidence for pain relief:
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- Animal studies:
- Preclinical studies have shown positive anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects. One study found that orally administered BCP was highly effective in animal models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
- Small human trials and case reports:
- Arthritis study: A 2018 study compared a topical application of Copaiba and Deep Blue essential oils against a coconut oil placebo for participants with arthritis in their hands. The essential oil blend resulted in decreased pain scores and increased finger strength and dexterity. However, this trial was small and included another oil, making it difficult to isolate the effect of Copaiba alone.
- Another study found that topical application of an essential oil blend containing copaiba was effective in reducing symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients.
- Anxiety study (inhalation): A 2022 randomized controlled trial involving 22 adults evaluated the effect of inhaled Copaiba oil during stressful tasks. Participants reported lower anxiety scores, and physiological indicators (heart rate, cortisol) also showed reductions. While this focused on anxiety, it suggests a potential calming effect through aromatherapy, though the link to pain relief is indirect.
- Animal studies:
Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum)
While topical application of clove oil has demonstrated evidence for short-term pain relief, particularly for dental pain, evidence for pain relief via aromatherapy is limited. The primary pain-relieving compound in clove oil is eugenol, which has both anti-inflammatory and anesthetic properties.
- Major compounds in Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) are the phenylpropanoid eugenol and the sesquiterpenes beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene (The specific content ranges for these compounds vary depending on the part of the plant used (bud, leaf, or stem), as well as the plant’s origin and extraction method.
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- Eugenol (Phenylpropanoid): Though technically a phenylpropanoid rather than a terpene, eugenol is the most abundant and well-known volatile compound in clove essential oil. It is largely responsible for clove’s characteristic aroma.
Content range: Typically accounts for 60% to 95% of the oil, with content varying by the source material.
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- Bud oil: 60–90% eugenol.
- Leaf oil: 70–82% eugenol.
- Stem oil: 85–92% eugenol.
- Beta-Caryophyllene: Found in significant proportions, particularly in leaf and bud oils.
- Content range: Typically constitutes 1–25% of the oil.
- Alpha-Humulene Another sesquiterpene, which is structurally similar to β-caryophyllene.
- Content range: Found in smaller amounts, usually in the 1–10% range.
- Eugenyl Acetate A phenylpropanoid derivative of eugenol that also contributes to the oil’s composition. It is generally found in higher concentrations in bud oil than in leaf oil.
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Content range: Can constitute up to 20% of the oil, depending on the source. The chemical composition of clove essential oil is not fixed and can vary considerably. A study analyzing Indonesian clove oil, for instance, showed a composition of 85.54% eugenol, 9.24%β beta-caryophyllene, and 2.19% α alpha-humulene. Other studies cite different distributions, highlighting the influence of extraction methods and cultivation geography.
- Evidence for pain relief:
Evidence for pain relief with topical application:
Multiple randomized controlled trials and reviews have assessed the use of topical clove oil or clove gel for dental pain, with promising results.
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- Dental pain: A 2006 study found that a clove gel was as effective as benzocaine gel at reducing pain from dental injections. This is consistent with its traditional use as a temporary remedy for toothaches, where the eugenol can temporarily numb the affected area.
- Musculoskeletal pain: When diluted in a carrier oil and used as a massage oil, clove oil’s anti-inflammatory properties may provide a warming, soothing sensation to sore muscles and joints.
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Evidence for pain relief with aromatherapy:
The evidence for aromatherapy use of clove oil for pain relief is much less robust, often hindered by small sample sizes, methodological issues, and conflicting results.
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- Post-operative pain: A randomized clinical trial involving urological surgery patients compared the effect of clove and lavender aromatherapy on post-operative headaches. While both groups saw a reduction in headache severity compared to the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. The authors noted that conflicting results in previous studies mean that further research is necessary.
- Labor pain: One study compared clove and peppermint aromatherapy on pain and anxiety during labor. It found that the clove group experienced a greater reduction in both pain intensity and anxiety than the peppermint group.
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- Level of quality evidence
The level of evidence for clove oil as a pain reliever varies significantly depending on the application method.
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- Topical application for dental pain: There is relatively strong, moderate-quality evidence from clinical trials supporting the short-term effectiveness of topical clove oil as a numbing agent for dental pain. However, it only masks the pain and does not treat the underlying cause.
- Aromatherapy for general pain: The quality of evidence for pain relief through aromatherapy is low. Clinical studies on this application are often preliminary, contradictory, and suffer from small sample sizes. They suggest a potential benefit but do not provide conclusive proof.
- Important safety considerations
Clove oil is potent and must be used with caution.
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- Topical use: It must be properly diluted with a carrier oil before being applied to the skin to avoid irritation, burning sensations, or allergic reactions.
- Oral use: Undiluted clove oil is not safe for internal consumption and can cause severe side effects, including seizures and liver damage, especially in children.
- Blood-thinning properties: The eugenol in clove oil may slow blood clotting. Individuals with bleeding disorders or those scheduled for surgery should avoid using it.
- Other precautions: It should be avoided by pregnant or breastfeeding women due to insufficient safety data
Black Pepper Oil (Piper nigrum)
Existing evidence for using black pepper oil aromatherapy for pain relief comes from a limited number of small-scale human and animal studies. While some results are promising, the overall quality of the evidence is low, and more rigorous research is needed.
- Major terpenes
The major terpenes commonly found in Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) essential oil are β-caryophyllene, limonene, sabinene, β-pinene, and δ-3-carene. The percentage content of these terpenes can vary significantly based on factors such as the specific cultivar, geographic origin, and processing methods.
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- β-caryophyllene: One of the most abundant compounds, it can range from 1.4% up to 70.4%. Many studies report typical levels of 20–40%, but some samples, such as those from India, may show much higher concentrations.
- Limonene: This monoterpene has a wide range of occurrence, from around 3% to 38%. While some oils from specific cultivars may contain up to 38% limonene, it is typically found between 15% and 25%.
- Sabinene: Often present in significant amounts, sabinene content can range from less than 1% to over 27%. Typical levels are often between 5% and 20%.
- β-pinene: The content of β-pinene can vary from less than 1% to over 25%. Many cultivars contain between 5% and 15% β-pinene.
- α-pinene: Found in smaller but still significant quantities, with reported percentages between less than 1% and over 10%.
- δ-3-carene: This terpene is generally found in percentages ranging from less than 1% up to nearly 20%
- Black pepper oil for pain
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- Inhaled aromatherapy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 54 patients found that inhaling black pepper oil significantly reduced pain intensity compared to a placebo (sesame oil) over a 15-minute period.
- Topical application:
- A 2014 study observed that a cream containing a blend of essential oils, including black pepper, significantly improved pain tolerance and reduced neck pain when applied topically.
- One small pilot study with eight osteoarthritis patients reported that a topical blend of lavender and black pepper oil reduced stiffness and pain and decreased the need for analgesics.
- Mechanism of action: Research suggests that compounds in black pepper oil, such as piperine, β beta-caryophyllene, and linalool, may reduce pain through several mechanisms:
- Anti-inflammatory properties: Reduces inflammation that can contribute to pain.
- Warming and circulation-boosting effects: Increases blood flow to help soothe sore muscles and joints.
- Interaction with pain receptors: Compounds like β beta-caryophyllene act as an agonist for the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), which is involved in reducing pain sensations. Linalool may interact with opioid receptors.
- Level of quality evidence
The current level of evidence is low. The available studies on black pepper oil aromatherapy for pain are limited and have several methodological weaknesses that prevent definitive conclusions.
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- Small sample size: The 2016 randomized controlled trial on inhaled black pepper oil involved only 54 participants.
- Preliminary nature: The authors of the 2016 study acknowledge that their results are preliminary and state that further studies are needed.
- Variability and limitations: Studies show a lack of consistency in methods, participants, and conditions, including:
Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus officinalis)
The major terpenes found in the essential oil of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) are 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, and camphor. Other important terpenes present in varying amounts include camphene, limonene, borneol, and verbenone.
- β-caryophyllene:: highly variable, ranging from about 0.5% to over 16%
- 1,8-Cineole: 15%–55% This terpene, also known as eucalyptol, often dominates the oil, contributing to its camphoraceous aroma. Some chemotypes (biogenetic types) of rosemary are specifically defined by their high 1,8-cineole content.
- Alpha-Pinene: 8%–45% A monoterpene also found in pine needles, it is typically the second or third most abundant terpene. Some rosemary chemotypes are defined by high alpha-pinene levels.
- Camphor: 7%–35% A bicyclic ketone monoterpene that provides a strong, characteristic odor. Its percentage can be significant, especially in certain chemotypes of rosemary.
- Camphene: 3%–12% A pungent bicyclic terpene with an earthy, pine-like aroma. Its concentration varies significantly among rosemary oils.
- Borneol: 3%–9% An oxygenated monoterpene alcohol that can be found in appreciable amounts, especially in the camphor-borneol chemotype.
- Verbenone: 1%–12% A ketone monoterpene often associated with high-quality rosemary essential oils. Its presence and concentration are key markers for certain chemotypes, such as the alpha-pinene-verbenone type.
- Limonene: 1%–6% A citrus-scented monoterpene found in smaller amounts.
- Evidence for pain relief:
- A two-week study on stroke survivors with shoulder pain found a 30% reduction in pain with acupressure and rosemary oil, compared to only 15% with acupressure alone.
- A study on patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that topical massage with a rosemary oil blend reduced inflammatory knee pain.
- Evidence suggests rosemary oil, and BCP specifically, may reduce tissue inflammation.
Other essential oils with BCP
- Ylang-Ylang Oil (Cananga odorata): An animal study showed it aided in neuropathic (nerve) pain relief when given orally.
- Basil Oil (Ocimum basilicum): Clinical trials have shown that topical application of basil oil can reduce the intensity and frequency of migraine headaches.
- Oregano Oil (Origanum vulgare): Animal studies indicate that carvacrol, a major component, may have pain-relieving effects, but human trials are needed.
- Cinnamon Oil (Cinnamomum spp.): Animal studies suggest potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects from topical use.
- Hops Oil (Humulus lupulus): Oral hops extract showed pain-relieving properties and reduced pain-associated sleep disruptions in an osteoarthritis study. Animal studies suggest this effect is mediated through the opioidergic system.
Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene and Linalool
Beta-caryophyllene (BCP), known for its potential therapeutic benefits for pain and anxiety, can be paired with another terpene, linalool, also known for the same benefits, pain and especially anxiety.
Key Benefits of This Combination
- Beta-Caryophyllene: Strong pain and anxiety benefits and reduces inflammation
- Linalool: Strong pain and anxiety benefits
Essential oils with significant concentrations of BCP and Linalool:
1. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
- Linalool content: ~37% (primary terpene)
- Beta-caryophyllene content: ~5.1%
- Benefits: Lavender is widely recognized for its calming, anxiolytic and sleep-promoting effects due to linalool, while BCP contributes to its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties .
2. Basil (Ocimum basilicum), particularly Sweet Basil (Linalool chemotype)
- Linalool content: Varies, 18%-70%
- Beta-caryophyllene content: typically ranges from 1% to 10%, or even higher 43%
- Benefits: Sweet basil essential oil, especially the linalool chemotype, is used for relaxation and mental clarity, while BCP enhances its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects .
4. Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata)
- Linalool content: 4% to over 27%
- Beta-caryophyllene content: 1% – 17%
- Benefits: Known for stress relief and mood enhancement, with additional anti-inflammatory support from BCP.
Key Takeaways
- Synergistic Effects: Linalool (calming, anti-anxiety) and BCP (anti-inflammatory, analgesic) work well together, making blends of these oils particularly effective for stress and pain relief .
- Application Methods: For relaxation, inhalation (diffuser) maximizes linalool’s effects, while topical application (diluted) may enhance BCP’s anti-inflammatory benefits .
Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene and Myrcene
Beta-caryophyllene (BCP), known for its potential therapeutic benefits for pain and anxiety, can be paired with another terpene, myrcene, also known for pain and anti-inflammatory benefits, but also for anxiety and, at higher doses, sleep and sedation especially anxiety.
Key Benefits of This Combination
- Beta-Caryophyllene: Strong pain and anxiety benefits and reduces inflammation
- Myrcene: Enhances relaxation, sedation, and cannabinoid absorption
1. Hops Essential Oil (Humulus lupulus)*
- Myrcene content: 50–70% (one of the highest natural sources)
- Beta-Caryophyllene content: 5–15% (significant secondary terpene)
- Effects: Deep relaxation, sedation, anti-inflammatory, and pain relief.
- Uses: Aromatherapy for sleep, topical blends for muscle relaxation.
2. Black Pepper Essential Oil (Piper nigrum)
- Beta-Caryophyllene content: 15–30% (one of the richest sources)
- Myrcene content: 5–15%
- Effects: Relaxing, sedating, pain-relieving, anti-anxiety
- Uses: Topical pain relief blends, diffusion for stress reduction, sleep
4. Copaiba Essential Oil (Copaifera spp.)
- Beta-Caryophyllene content: 30–60% (primary component)
- Myrcene content: 5–10% (varies by species)
- Effects: Potent anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and soothing.
- Uses: Often used in pain creams and anti-inflammatory formulations.
5. Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum)
- Beta-Caryophyllene content: 10–20%
- Myrcene content: 5–10%
- Effects: Strong analgesic, antimicrobial, and digestive benefits.
- Uses: Dental pain relief, anti-inflammatory blends.
6. Myrrh Essential Oil (Commiphora myrrha)
- Beta-Caryophyllene content: 10–25%
- Myrcene content: 5–15%
- Effects: Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and immune support.
- Uses: Skin care, joint pain relief, and meditation blends.
Best Blends for Maximum Effects of beta-Caryophyllene + Myrcene:
For a strong myrcene + beta-caryophyllene synergy, consider mixing:
- Hops + Copaiba (high myrcene + high beta-caryophyllene)
- Black Pepper + Myrrh (for pain relief)
Essential Oils Rich in Beta-Caryophyllene, Linalool and Myrcene
Beta-caryophyllene (BCP), known for its potential therapeutic benefits for pain and anxiety, can be paired with another terpene, myrcene, also known for pain and anti-inflammatory benefits, but also for anxiety and, at higher doses, sleep and sedation especially anxiety.
Key Benefits of this Combination
- Beta-Caryophyllene: Strong pain and anxiety benefits, reduces inflammation
- Linalool: Strong pain and anxiety benefits
- Myrcene: Enhances relaxation, sedation, and sleep
Several essential oils contain a combination of beta-caryophyllene, linalool and myrcene, which are terpenes known for their pain relieving, relaxing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anxiety properties.
1. Lavender Essential Oil
- Linalool content: Dominant in lavender, contributing to its floral, calming aroma and anxiolytic effects .
- Beta-Caryophyllene content:Present in smaller amounts, offering anti-inflammatory and pain-relief benefits .
- Myrcene content: Found in trace amounts only, may provide additional enhancement relaxation and sedation .
- Use: Ideal for aromatherapy (diffusion) or topical application for stress relief and wound healing .
2. Hops Essential Oil
- Myrcene content: 50–70% (one of the highest natural sources)
- Beta-Caryophyllene content: 5–15% (significant secondary terpene)
- Linalool content: only 1%, consider blending Linalool
- Use: Popular in brewing and herbal remedies for relaxation .
3. Other Plant Sources
- Basil and Thyme: Contain moderate levels of all three terpenes, especially when extracted via steam distillation .
- Cloves: High in beta-caryophyllene, with traces of linalool and myrcene .
Key Considerations:
Synergy Effects:
These terpenes may enhance each other’s benefits (e.g., myrcene may increase cannabinoid absorption into the brain, while linalool and beta-caryophyllene modulate inflammation and mood) .
Application Methods:
- Aromatherapy: Best for linalool’s anxiolytic effects .
- Topical Use: Beta-caryophyllene excels in skin applications (use with carrier oils)
- Oral Consumption: Myrcene-rich oils (e.g., hops) may aid digestion .
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References:
β-Caryophyllene (BCP)
BCP – Newly uploaded articles
- Cannabinoid Therapeutics in Chronic Neuropathic Pain – From Animal Research to Human Treatment – 2021
- Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception – PubMed – 2013
- Mechanisms of Transmission and Processing of Pain- A Narrative Review – 2023
- Targeting nociceptive transient receptor potential channels to treat chronic pain- current state of the field – 2018
- β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid, complexed with β-cyclodextrin produced anti-hyperalgesic effect involving the inhibition of Fos expression in superficial dorsal horn – PubMed – 2016
- Exploring the physiological response differences of β-caryophyllene, linalool and citral inhalation and their anxiolytic potential – 2024
BCP – Overviews
- Beta-caryophyllene-is-a-dietary-cannabinoid-2008
- The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application – 2020
- A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid – 2021
- β‐caryophyllene and β‐caryophyllene oxide—natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties. – 2016
BCP – Aging/Geroprotection
BCP – Anxiety
- β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – 2014
- β-Caryophyllene, the major constituent of copaiba oil, reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats – PubMed – 2018
- The anxiolytic-like effect of an essential oil derived from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. leaves and its major component, β-caryophyllene, in male mice – 2012
- Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Properties of the β-caryophyllene in Swiss Mice Involvement of Benzodiazepine-GABAAergic, Serotonergic and Nitrergic Systems – PubMed 2021
- β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – PubMed – 2014
BCP – Antioxidant/Oxidative Stress
- Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene – A Focus on the Nervous System – 2021
- β-Caryophyllene, the major constituent of copaiba oil, reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats – PubMed – 2018
- A-systematic-review-on-the-neuroprotective-perspectives-of-beta-caryophyllene-PubMed-2018
- Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene – A Focus on the Nervous System – 2021
- Multi-Target Effects of ß-Caryophyllene and Carnosic Acid at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration- From Oxidative Stress to Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation – 2022
- β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020
BCP – Arthritis
- Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
- β-Caryophyllene Ameliorates MSU-Induced Gouty Arthritis and Inflammation Through Inhibiting NLRP3 and NF-κB Signal Pathway – In Silico and In Vivo – 2021
- β-Caryophyllene, the major constituent of copaiba oil, reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats – PubMed – 2018
- Exploiting Curcumin Synergy With Natural Products Using Quantitative Analysis of Dose–Effect Relationships in an Experimental In Vitro Model of Osteoarthritis – 2019
- Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba T and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis – 2018
- Topical cannabidiol is well tolerated in individuals with a history of elite physical performance and chronic lower extremity pain – 2023
- Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
- A Randomized Controlled Trial of Topical Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Thumb Basal Joint Arthritis – PubMed – 2022
- Myrtenal and β-caryophyllene oxide screened from Liquidambaris Fructus suppress NLRP3 inflammasome components in rheumatoid arthritis – 2021
- Antinociceptive and chondroprotective effects of prolonged β-caryophyllene treatment in the animal model of osteoarthritis Focus on tolerance development – 2021
- CB2 agonism controls pain and subchondral bone degeneration induced by mono-iodoacetate Implications GPCR functional bias and tolerance development – 2021
- Joint problems arising from lack of repair mechanisms can cannabinoids help – 2019
- Cannabinoid-based therapy as a future for joint degeneration. Focus on the role of CB2 receptor in the arthritis progression and pain an updated review – 2021
- Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of the Cannabis Terpene Myrcene in Rat Adjuvant Monoarthritis – 2022
BCP – Pharmacology, Bioavailability & Pharmacokinetics
- Distribution of inhaled volatile β‐caryophyllene and dynamic changes of liver metabolites in mice – 2021
- β-caryophyllene Delivery Systems Enhancing the Oral Pharmacokinetic and Stability – PubMed – 2018
- SPC Liposomes as Possible Delivery Systems for Improving Bioavailability of the Natural Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene – 2018
- A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid – 2021
BCP – Central Sensitization
- Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
- A systematic review on the neuroprotective perspectives of beta-caryophyllene – PubMed – 2018
BCP – Colitis
BCP – Copaiba
- Toxicological Effects of Copaiba Oil (Copaifera spp.) and Its Active Components – 2023
- Essential oils for treating anxiety- a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and network meta-analysis – 2023
- Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba T and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis – 2018
- The Effect of Copaiba Oil Odor on Anxiety Relief in Adults under Mental Workload- A Randomized Controlled Trial – 2022
BCP – Cold Pain / TPRM8 Receptor
- Why wild giant pandas frequently roll in horse manure – 2020
- Analgesia mediated by the TRPM8 cold receptor in chronic neuropathic pain. – 2006
- The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold – PubMed – 2007
- Molecular basis of peripheral innocuous cold sensitivity – 2018
- Dysfunctional TRPM8 signalling in the vascular response to environmental cold in ageing – 2021
- Characterization of New TRPM8 Modulators in Pain Perception – 2019
- Development of TRPM8 Antagonists to Treat Chronic Pain and Migraine – 2017
- Discovery of a Selective TRPM8 Antagonist with Clinical Efficacy in Cold-Related Pain – 2015
- Evaluation by Survival Analysis of Cold Pain Tolerance in Patients with Fibromyalgia and Opioid Use – 2022
- Molecular mechanisms of cold pain 2020
- Targeting nociceptive transient receptor potential channels to treat chronic pain- current state of the field – 2018
- TRPM8 mechanism of cold allodynia after chronic nerve injury. – 2007
- Neuronal and non-neuronal TRPA1 as therapeutic targets for pain and headache relief – 2022 Therapeutic opportunities for targeting cold pain pathways – PubMed – 2014
- Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Ion Channels in Orofacial Pain – 2021
- TRPM8 and TRPA1 do not contribute to dental pulp sensitivity to cold – 2018
BCP – Dental
- β-Caryophyllene Reduces the Inflammatory Phenotype of Periodontal Cells by Targeting CB2 Receptors – 2020
- TRPM8 and TRPA1 do not contribute to dental pulp sensitivity to cold – 2018
BCP – Diabetes
- Therapeutic Potential of β-Caryophyllene – A Dietary Cannabinoid in Diabetes and Associated Complications – 2021
- Observational clinical and nerve conduction study on effects of a nutraceutical combination on painful diabetic distal symmetric sensory-motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes- PubMed – 2018
- β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020
BCP – Diet
- A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid – 2021
- Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid – 2008
- β-caryophyllene Delivery Systems Enhancing the Oral Pharmacokinetic and Stability – PubMed – 2018
- Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet – an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? – 2016
- Therapeutic Potential of β-Caryophyllene – A Dietary Cannabinoid in Diabetes and Associated Complications – 2021
- β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19 – 2021
BCP – Infection/COVID-19
BCP – Inflammation/Neuroinflammation
- (−)-β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Motor Paralysis and Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2017
- β-Caryophyllene Ameliorates MSU-Induced Gouty Arthritis and Inflammation Through Inhibiting NLRP3 and NF-κB Signal Pathway – In Silico and In Vivo – 2021
- β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19 – 2021
- Role of β-Caryophyllene in the Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oil – 2020
- β-Caryophyllene Reduces the Inflammatory Phenotype of Periodontal Cells by Targeting CB2 Receptors – 2020
- A systematic review on the neuroprotective perspectives of beta-caryophyllene – PubMed – 2018
- Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
- Beta-caryophyllene protects against diet-induced dyslipidemia and vascular inflammation in rats Involvement of CB2 and PPAR-γ receptors – PubMed – 2019
- Myrtenal and β-caryophyllene oxide screened from Liquidambaris Fructus suppress NLRP3 inflammasome components in rheumatoid arthritis – 2021
- Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
- The CB2 Agonist β-Caryophyllene in Male and Female Rats Exposed to a Model of Persistent Inflammatory Pain – 2020
- Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies- New Insights and Therapeutic Potential – 2022
- β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020
BCP – Misc
- Acute administration of beta-caryophyllene prevents endocannabinoid system activation during transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion – 2018
- Inhibitory Effects of β-Caryophyllene on Helicobacter pylori Infection In Vitro and In Vivo – 2020
BCP – Multiple Sclerosis
- (−)-β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Motor Paralysis and Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2017
- Traditional Uses of Cannabinoids and New Perspectives in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis – 2018
- Low Doses of β-Caryophyllene Reduced Clinical and Paraclinical Parameters of an Autoimmune Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2023
BCP – Nephropathy
BCP – Pain
- β‐caryophyllene and β‐caryophyllene oxide—natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties – 2016
- Antiallodynic effect of β-caryophyllene on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. – PubMed – NCBI
- The cannabinoid CB₂ receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic… – PubMed – NCBI – 2014
- The cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain – 2013
- Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception – PubMed – 2013
- Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
- Role of β-Caryophyllene in the Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oil – 2020
- A systematic review on the neuroprotective perspectives of beta-caryophyllene – PubMed – 2018
- Efficacy of Essential Oils in Pain – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence – 2021
- Observational clinical and nerve conduction study on effects of a nutraceutical combination on painful diabetic distal symmetric sensory-motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes- PubMed – 2018
- Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene in Combination: A Therapeutic Functional Interaction. 2022pdf
- Antiallodynic effect of β-caryophyllene on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice – PubMed 2017
- The cannabinoid CB 2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain 2014
- The Endocannabinoid System, Cannabinoids, and Pain – 2013
- β-Caryophyllene, a CB2-Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Antiretroviral-Induced Neuropathic Pain – 2019
- β-Caryophyllene, a Natural Sesquiterpene, Attenuates Neuropathic Pain and Depressive-Like Behavior in Experimental Diabetic Mice – PubMed – 2019
- Cannabinoid Therapeutics in Chronic Neuropathic Pain – From Animal Research to Human Treatment – 2021
- Mechanisms of Transmission and Processing of Pain- A Narrative Review – 2023
- Evaluation by Survival Analysis of Cold Pain Tolerance in Patients with Fibromyalgia and Opioid Use – 2022
- Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception – PubMed – 2013
- Cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system and pain- a review of preclinical studies – 2021
- The Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain- A Review – 2021
BCP – Products
- CarolinaCannabinoids.
- Nootropics Depot 250 mg capsules with 6% BCP (equal to 15 mg BCP)
- Nootropics Depot powder with 6% BCP
- doTERRA Copaiba Essential Oil 120 mg Softgels (?? % BCP)
- Noxiall® (PEA 600 mg, Commiphora Myrrha 50 mg, Piper Nigrum 13.4 mg (10 mg β-cariofillene) and Rosmarinus Officinalis
Topical BCP/PEA – Tulla Botanicals, References
- A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid – 2021
- Beta Caryophyllene-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Management of Skin Disorders – 2023
- Beta-caryophyllene as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and re-epithelialization activities in a rat skin wound excision model – 2022
- Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
- Beta-caryophyllene-is-a-dietary-cannabinoid-2008
- Efficacy of a Combination of N-Palmitoylethanolamide, Beta-Caryophyllene, Carnosic Acid, and Myrrh Extract on Chronic Neuropathic Pain – A Preclinical Study – 2019
- Hemp Seed Oil in Association with β-Caryophyllene, Myrcene and Ginger Extract as a Nutraceutical Integration in Knee Osteoarthritis – 2022
- Improvement of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction by β-Caryophyllene – A Focus on the Nervous System – 2021
- Multi-Target Effects of ß-Caryophyllene and Carnosic Acid at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration- From Oxidative Stress to Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation – 2022
- Myrtenal and β-caryophyllene oxide screened from Liquidambaris Fructus suppress NLRP3 inflammasome components in rheumatoid arthritis – 2021
- Non-clinical toxicity of β-caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid Absence of adverse effects in female Swiss mice – PubMed – 2018
- Plant Natural Sources of the Endocannabinoid ( E)-β-Caryophyllene- A Systematic Quantitative Analysis of Published Literature – 2020
- Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
- The CB2 Agonist β-Caryophyllene in Male and Female Rats Exposed to a Model of Persistent Inflammatory Pain – 2020
- The Endocannabinoid System, Cannabinoids, and Pain – 2013
- β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells – PubMed-2020
- β-Caryophyllene-Loaded Microemulsion-Based Topical Hydrogel- A Promising Carrier to Enhance the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Outcomes – 2023
- β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – PubMed – 2014
- (−)-β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Motor Paralysis and Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis – 2017
- β-Caryophyllene, a CB2-Receptor-Selective Phytocannabinoid, Suppresses Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Antiretroviral-Induced Neuropathic Pain – 2019
- β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19 – 2021
- β-Caryophyllene, a Natural Sesquiterpene, Attenuates Neuropathic Pain and Depressive-Like Behavior in Experimental Diabetic Mice – PubMed – 2019
BCP – Product Formulations
- Preparation and Characterization of Liposomal β‐Caryophyllene (Rephyll) – 2020
- SPC Liposomes as Possible Delivery Systems for Improving Bioavailability of the Natural Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene – 2018
- Observational clinical and nerve conduction study on effects of a nutraceutical combination on painful diabetic distal symmetric sensory-motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes- PubMed – 2018
BCP – Safety
BCP – Sources
- Development of a Gas Chromatography Method for the Analysis of Copaiba Oil – 2017
- Fast-Acting_and_Receptor-Mediated_Regulation_of_Neuronal Signaling Pathways by Copaiba Essential Oil
- β-Caryophyllene, the major constituent of copaiba oil, reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in arthritic rats – PubMed – 2018
- Role of β-Caryophyllene in the Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oil – 2020
- The anxiolytic-like effect of an essential oil derived from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. leaves and its major component, β-caryophyllene, in male mice – 2012
- Plant Natural Sources of the Endocannabinoid ( E)-β-Caryophyllene- A Systematic Quantitative Analysis of Published Literature – 2020
BCP – Synergy
BCP – CBD
- Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene in Combination: A Therapeutic Functional Interaction. 2022.pdf
- Hemp Seed Oil in Association with β-Caryophyllene, Myrcene and Ginger Extract as a Nutraceutical Integration in Knee Osteoarthritis – 2022
BCP – Synergy: Curcumin & Echinacea
BCP – Synergy: NSAIDs
- Dual-Acting Compounds Targeting Endocannabinoid and Endovanilloid Systems—A Novel Treatment Option for Chronic Pain Management – 2016
- Activation of Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors Synergizes the Effect of Systemic Ibuprofen in a Pain Model in Rat – 2022
- Combination Drug Therapy for the Management of Chronic Neuropathic Pain – 2023
- Local interactions between anandamide, an endocannabinoid, and ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in acute and inflammatory pain – PubMed – 2006
- Involvement of Spinal CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors on the Antinociceptive Effect of Celecoxib in Rat Formalin Test – 2016
BCP – Synergy: Opioids
- Synergistic attenuation of chronic pain using mu opioid and cannabinoid receptor 2 agonists – 2016
- Effect of Pharmacological Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System on Opiate Withdrawal: A Review of the Preclinical Animal Literature – 2016
BCP – Synergy: Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)
- Noxiall® (PEA 600 mg, Commiphora Myrrha 50 mg, Piper Nigrum 13.4 mg (10 mg β-cariofillene) and Rosmarinus Officinalis
- Efficacy of a Combination of N-Palmitoylethanolamide, Beta-Caryophyllene, Carnosic Acid, and Myrrh Extract on Chronic Neuropathic Pain – A Preclinical Study – 2019
- Short-term efficacy of a fixed association of Palmitoylethanolamide and other phytochemicals as add-on therapy in the management of chronic pain in elderly patients – 2018
- The Endocannabinoid System and PPARs – Focus on Their Signalling Crosstalk, Action and Transcriptional Regulation – 2021
- Observational clinical and nerve conduction study on effects of a nutraceutical combination on painful diabetic distal symmetric sensory-motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes- PubMed – 2018
- A Personal Retrospective: Elevating Anandamide (AEA) by Targeting Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) and the Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs) – 2016
BCP – Topical
- NON-CANNABIS THERAPY – Cannabinoid Therapy Without Using Cannabis: Direct Effects™ Topical β-Caryophyllene
- Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
- The fragrance chemical beta-caryophyllene-air oxidation and skin sensitization – PubMed – 2005
- Expression of the Endocannabinoid Receptors in Human Fascial Tissue – 2016
- Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba T and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis – 2018
- Effects of a massage-like essential oil application procedure using Copaiba T and Deep Blue oils in individuals with hand arthritis – 2018
- The cannabinoid CB 2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain 2014
- Cannabidiol and Beta-Caryophyllene in Combination: A Therapeutic Functional Interaction. 2022.pdf
- Antiallodynic effect of β-caryophyllene on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice – PubMed 2017
- The Skin and Natural Cannabinoids–Topical and Transdermal Applications – 2023
- Topical cannabidiol (CBD) in skin pathology – A comprehensive review and prospects for new therapeutic opportunities – 2022
- Beta-caryophyllene as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and re-epithelialization activities in a rat skin wound excision model – 2022
- Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
- β-Caryophyllene-Loaded Microemulsion-Based Topical Hydrogel- A Promising Carrier to Enhance the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Outcomes – 2023
BCP – Toxicity
- The fragrance chemical beta-caryophyllene-air oxidation and skin sensitization – PubMed – 2005
- Toxicological Evaluation of β-Caryophyllene Oil: Subchronic Toxicity in Rats. – PubMed – NCBI 2016
BCP – Wound Healing
- Beta-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes – 2019
- Beta-caryophyllene as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and re-epithelialization activities in a rat skin wound excision mode – 2022
- Cannabinoid Signaling in the Skin – Therapeutic Potential of the “C(ut)annabinoid” System – 2019
Terpenes
Terpenes – Overviews
- Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of Terpenes – 2019
- Terpenes:Terpenoids in Cannabis – Are They Important? – 2020
- Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids – 2020
- Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant – 2020
- The Cannabis Terpenes – 2020
- The “Entourage Effect” – Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders – 2020
- Cannabis Essential Oil – A Preliminary Study for the Evaluation of the Brain Effects – 2018
- A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System – A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration – 2020
- Efficacy of Essential Oils in Pain – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence – 2021
- The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application – 2020
Terpenes – Aromatherapy
- Aromatherapy and Aromatic Plants for the Treatment of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms – 2017
- Corrigendum – A question of scent – lavender aroma promotes interpersonal trust -2015
- Odors enhance slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleepOdors enhance slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep
- Essential Oils and Animals – Which Essential Oils Are Toxic to Pets?
- Essential Oils and Pets
- Herbs and Their Uses for Animals – Patchouli and Pets
- Reactivating memories during sleep by odors – odor specificity and associated changes in sleep oscillations – 2014
- Increasing Explicit Sequence Knowledge by Odor Cueing during Sleep in Men but not Women – 2016
- Effects of odorant administration on objective and subjective measures of sleep quality, post-sleep mood and alertness, and cognitive performance – 2003
- An Olfactory Stimulus Modifies Nighttime Sleep in Young Men and Women – 2005
- Massage with or without aromatherapy for symptom relief in people with cancer. – PubMed – NCBI
- Aromatherapy hand massage for older adults with chronic pain living in long-term care. – PubMed – NCBI
- A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System – A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration – 2020
- Human olfactory receptors – novel cellular functions outside of the nose,” – 2017
- The diversified function and potential therapy of ectopic olfactory receptors in non-olfactory tissues – PubMed – 2017
- How does your kidney smell? Emerging roles for olfactory receptors in renal function,” – 2017
- The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application – 2020
Terpenes – CB2 Receptor
- Cannabinoid-based therapy as a future for joint degeneration. Focus on the role of CB2 receptor in the arthritis progression and pain – an updated review – 2021
- β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice – 2014
- The CB2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation – 2016
- Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint
- Activation of Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors Synergizes the Effect of Systemic Ibuprofen in a Pain Model in Rat – 2022
- Involvement of Spinal CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors on the Antinociceptive Effect of Celecoxib in Rat Formalin Test – 2016
Terpenes – Synergy with Cannabinoids:
- Taming THC – potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects – 2011
- A tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. – PubMed – NCBI
- Entourage Effect 2.0
- Cannabis and the Anxiety of Fragmentation—A Systems Approach for Finding an Anxiolytic Cannabis Chemotype – 2018
- Terpenoids and Phytocannabinoids Co-Produced in Cannabis Sativa Strains Show Specific Interaction for Cell Cytotoxic Activity – 2019
- Absence of Entourage – Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors – 2019
- Terpenoids From Cannabis Do Not Mediate an Entourage Effect by Acting at Cannabinoid Receptors – 2020
- The “Entourage Effect” – Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders – 2020
Terpenes – Marijuana Strains
- Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
- Terpenoid Chemoprofiles Distinguish Drug-type Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars in Nevada – 2018
- Terpenoids and Phytocannabinoids Co-Produced in Cannabis Sativa Strains Show Specific Interaction for Cell Cytotoxic Activity – 2019
- Identification of Terpenoid Chemotypes Among High (−)-trans-Δ9- Tetrahydrocannabinol-Producing Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars 0 2017
- The Cannabinoid Content of Legal Cannabis in Washington State Varies Systematically Across Testing Facilities and Popular Consumer Products – 2018
Terpenes – Bioavailability
- Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Natural Volatile Terpenes in Animals and Humans – 2000
- Bioavailability of Bioactive Compounds
- SPC Liposomes as Possible Delivery Systems for Improving Bioavailability of the Natural Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene – 2018
Terpenes – Pain:
- Analgesic-like Activity of Essential Oils Constituents – 2011
- Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents – An Update – 2017
- Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae in Pain Therapy – A Review – 2018
- Analgesic Potential of Essential Oils – 2016
- Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae in Pain Therapy – A Review – 2018
- Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
- Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant – 2020
- The Molecular Mechanisms That Underpin the Biological Benefits of Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain and Inflammation – PubMed – 2020
- Cannabis-based medicines and the perioperative physician – 2019
- Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults – 2018
- Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain – An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science – 2018
- Role of Cannabinoids and Terpenes in Cannabis-Mediated Analgesia in Rats – PubMed – 2019
- Antinociceptive effect of inhalation of the essential oil of bergamot in mice – 2018
- Analgesic Potential of Essential Oils – 2016
- Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents – An Update – 2017
Terpenes – Inflammation:
- Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015
- Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids – Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer – 2018
- Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort – 2018
- Therapeutic Potential of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids from Forests for Inflammatory Diseases – 2020
- The Molecular Mechanisms That Underpin the Biological Benefits of Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain and Inflammation – PubMed – 2020
- Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis. – 2015
- Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Endocannabinoid System—Is there Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Bowel Disease? – 2019
- Therapeutic Applications of Terpenes on Inflammatory Diseases – 2021
- Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation – 2020
Terpenes – Wound Healing
Individual Sources of Terpenes
Terpenes – Bergamot
- The Anxiolytic Effect of Aromatherapy on Patients Awaiting Ambulatory Surgery – A Randomized Controlled Trial – 2013
- Antinociceptive effect of inhalation of the essential oil of bergamot in mice – 2018
- Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil Are Insensitive to Flumazenil in Rats – 2019
- Bergamot – Natural Medicines – Professional.pdf
- Citrus bergamia essential oil – from basic research to clinical application – 2015
- Role of 5-HT1A Receptor in the Anxiolytic-Relaxant Effects of Bergamot Essential Oil in Rodent – 2020 Neuropharmacological Properties of the Essential Oil of Bergamot for the Clinical Management of Pain-Related BPSDs – PubMed – 2019
- Possible involvement of the peripheral Mu-opioid system in antinociception induced by bergamot essential oil to allodynia after peripheral nerve injury – PubMed – 2018
- Peripherally injected linalool and bergamot essential oil attenuate mechanical allodynia via inhibiting spinal ERK phosphorylation – PubMed – 2013
- Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot – PubMed – 2010
- Effect of Harvesting Time on Volatile Compounds Composition of Bergamot (Citrus × Bergamia) Essential Oil – 2019
- Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Peels of Three Citrus Species – 2020
- Chemical_Composition_of_Bergamot_Citrus_Bergamia_Risso_Essential_Oil_Obtained_by_Hydrodistillation – 2010
- Cannabinoid Signaling in the Skin – Therapeutic Potential of the “C(ut)annabinoid” System – 2019
- Rational Basis for the Use of Bergamot Essential Oil in Complementary Medicine to Treat Chronic Pain – PubMed – 2016
Emphasis on Education
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